Learn the art of pastry making with our step-by-step tutorial

Introduction to Pastry Making Tutorial

Pastry making is an art that requires precision, patience, and a keen eye for detail. Whether you are a professional baker or an enthusiastic home cook, learning the techniques and skills involved in pastry making can elevate your culinary creations to a whole new level. In this pastry making tutorial, we will explore the importance of learning pastry making and the basic skills and techniques needed to create delicious pastries.

Importance of learning pastry making

Pastry making is an essential skill for anyone interested in the culinary arts. It opens up a world of possibilities when it comes to creating delectable desserts, savory pies, and even delicate petit fours. By mastering the art of pastry making, you can impress your friends and family with your delicious creations and take your baking skills to new heights.

Basic skills and techniques needed

Before diving into the world of pastry making, it's important to understand the basic skills and techniques that form the foundation of this craft. Some of the essential skills you need to acquire include:

• Measuring ingredients accurately: Accurate measurement of ingredients is crucial in pastry making, as even a slight variation can affect the texture and taste of the final product.
• Mixing and kneading dough: Knowing how to properly mix and knead dough is essential for achieving the right consistency and texture in your pastries.
• Rolling and shaping dough: The art of rolling and shaping dough is a fundamental skill in pastry making. It allows you to create various shapes and sizes for different types of pastries.
• Working with fillings: Mastering the art of preparing and working with different types of fillings is essential for creating delicious and flavorful pastries.
• Baking techniques: Understanding the science behind baking and knowing how to use different baking techniques is crucial for achieving perfectly baked pastries.
• Decoration and garnishing: The final touch to any pastry is the decoration and garnishing. Learning various techniques to decorate and garnish your pastries will make them visually appealing.

Tools and Ingredients for Pastry Making

Before you embark on your pastry making journey, it's important to have the right tools and ingredients at your disposal. Here are some essential tools and common ingredients used in pastry making:

Essential tools for pastry making

To create beautiful and delicious pastries, you'll need the following tools:

• Pastry brush: A pastry brush is used to apply glazes, egg washes, or melted butter to pastries, giving them a shiny and golden finish.
• Rolling pin: A rolling pin is an essential tool for rolling out pastry dough to the desired thickness.
• Bench scraper: A bench scraper is used to cut and portion dough, as well as clean the work surface.
• Piping bags and tips: Piping bags and tips are used to pipe fillings, frostings, or decorative elements onto pastries.
• Pie weights: Pie weights are used to prevent the crust from puffing up during blind baking.
• Pastry cutters: Pastry cutters come in various shapes and sizes and are used to cut out shapes from pastry dough.
• Pastry crimper: A pastry crimper is used to create decorative edges on pastries, such as pie crusts.
• Parchment paper: Parchment paper is used to line baking sheets and prevent pastries from sticking.

Common ingredients used in pastry making

Pastry making requires a variety of ingredients, each playing a crucial role in the overall taste and texture of the final product. Some common ingredients used in pastry making include:

• Flour: Flour is the backbone of most pastry dough recipes. It provides structure and texture to the pastries.
• Butter: Butter adds richness and flavor to pastries. It also helps create a flaky and tender texture.
• Sugar: Sugar is used to sweeten pastries and add moisture. It also contributes to browning during baking.
• Eggs: Eggs provide structure, moisture, and flavor to pastries. They also act as a binding agent.
• Salt: Salt enhances the flavor of pastries and balances out the sweetness.
• Water or milk: Liquids like water or milk are added to bring the dough together and provide moisture.
• Leavening agents: Leavening agents like baking powder or yeast are used to make pastries rise and become light and fluffy.
• Flavorings and extracts: Flavorings and extracts like vanilla, almond, or citrus zest add depth and complexity to pastries.
• Fruits, nuts, and chocolate: These ingredients are often used as fillings or toppings to add flavor and texture to pastries.

Types of Pastries

Pastries come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and flavors. Each type of pastry has its own unique characteristics and uses. Here are some different types of pastries and their defining features:

Different types of pastries and their characteristics

1. Shortcrust pastry: Shortcrust pastry is a versatile pastry that is commonly used for pies, tarts, and quiches. It has a crumbly texture and is made by combining flour, butter, and a small amount of liquid.

2. Puff pastry: Puff pastry is a light and flaky pastry that is created by layering butter between multiple layers of dough. It rises dramatically during baking, resulting in a buttery and airy texture.

3. Sweet pastry: Sweet pastry, also known as pâte sucrée, is a rich and sweet pastry that is commonly used for desserts like fruit tarts and tartlets. It contains sugar, butter, flour, and eggs, which give it a sweet and tender crumb.

4. Choux pastry: Choux pastry is a light and airy pastry that is used to make cream puffs, éclairs, and profiteroles. It is made by cooking a dough mixture of butter, water, flour, and eggs, which creates a hollow pastry shell when baked.

5. Filo pastry: Filo pastry, also known as phyllo pastry, is a thin and delicate pastry that is commonly used in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cuisines. It is made by rolling out multiple layers of paper-thin dough, resulting in a crispy and flaky texture.

Choosing the right pastry for specific recipes

Choosing the right type of pastry for a specific recipe is essential for achieving the desired taste and texture. Some guidelines for choosing the right pastry include:

• Consider the filling: Some pastries, like shortcrust pastry, work well with both sweet and savory fillings, while others, like puff pastry, are better suited for sweet or savory fillings.
• Consider the baking method: Puff pastry is ideal for recipes that require a light and flaky texture, while choux pastry is perfect for creating hollow pastries that can be filled with creams or custards.
• Consider the desired texture: If you want a tender and crumbly texture, shortcrust pastry or sweet pastry are good choices. If you prefer a light and airy texture, choux pastry or puff pastry are more suitable.
• Consider the flavor profile: Different pastries have distinct flavors, so it's important to choose a pastry that complements the flavors of the filling or topping you plan to use.

Basic Pastry Dough Recipes

Now that you know the different types of pastries, let's dive into some basic pastry dough recipes that will serve as the foundation for your pastry making journey:

Shortcrust pastry recipe

Ingredients:

• 2 ½ cups all-purpose flour
• 1 teaspoon salt
• 1 cup cold unsalted butter, cut into small cubes
• 1/4 cup ice water

Instructions:

1. In a large mixing bowl, whisk together the flour and salt.
2. Add the cold butter cubes to the flour mixture and use a pastry cutter or your fingertips to cut the butter into the flour until it resembles coarse crumbs.
3. Add the ice water, 1 tablespoon at a time, and mix until the dough comes together. Be careful not to overmix.
4. Shape the dough into a flattened disc, wrap it in plastic wrap, and refrigerate for at least 1 hour before using.

Puff pastry recipe

Ingredients:

• 2 ½ cups all-purpose flour
• 1 teaspoon salt
• 1 cup cold unsalted butter, cut into small cubes
• 1/2 cup ice water

Instructions:

1. In a large mixing bowl, whisk together the flour and salt.
2. Add the cold butter cubes to the flour mixture and use a pastry cutter or your fingertips to cut the butter into the flour until it resembles coarse crumbs.
3. Add the ice water, 1 tablespoon at a time, and mix until the dough comes together. Be careful not to overmix.
4. Shape the dough into a rectangle, wrap it in plastic wrap, and refrigerate for 30 minutes.
5. On a floured surface, roll out the dough into a rectangle about 1/4 inch thick.
6. Fold the dough into thirds, like a letter, and rotate it 90 degrees. Roll out the dough again, fold it into thirds, and repeat the process two more times.
7. Wrap the dough in plastic wrap and refrigerate for at least 1 hour before using.

Sweet pastry recipe

Ingredients:

• 1 ½ cups all-purpose flour
• 1/4 cup granulated sugar
• 1/4 teaspoon salt
• 1/2 cup unsalted butter, cold and cut into small cubes
• 1 large egg yolk
• 1-2 tablespoons ice water

Instructions:

1. In a food processor, combine the flour, sugar, and salt. Add the cold butter cubes and pulse until the mixture resembles coarse crumbs.
2. In a small bowl, whisk together the egg yolk and ice water. Gradually add the egg mixture to the flour mixture, pulsing until the dough comes together.
3. Shape the dough into a flattened disc, wrap it in plastic wrap, and refrigerate for at least 1 hour before using.

Rolling and Shaping Pastry Dough

Once you have prepared the pastry dough, the next step is to roll it out to the desired thickness and shape it according to your recipe. Here is a step-by-step guide to rolling pastry dough:

Step-by-step guide to rolling pastry dough

1. Lightly flour your work surface and rolling pin to prevent the dough from sticking.
2. Place the chilled pastry dough on the floured surface and gently flatten it with your hands.
3. Roll the dough from the center outwards, applying even pressure with the rolling pin. Rotate the dough 90 degrees after each roll to ensure even thickness.
4. Continue rolling the dough until it reaches the desired thickness specified in your recipe. For most pastries, a thickness of about 1/4 inch is ideal.
5. If the dough becomes too soft or sticky, place it in the refrigerator for a few minutes to firm up before continuing.
6. Once the dough is rolled out, you can use pastry cutters or a sharp knife to cut out shapes for your pastries.
7. Carefully transfer the cut-out shapes to a parchment-lined baking sheet, leaving enough space between them to allow for expansion during baking.
8. Re-roll any leftover dough scraps and continue cutting out shapes until all the dough is used.

Techniques for shaping different types of pastries

The specific techniques for shaping different types of pastries vary depending on the recipe and desired outcome. Here are some common techniques for shaping various types of pastries:

• Pie crust: Gently press the pastry dough into a pie dish, ensuring that it fits snugly against the sides and bottom. Trim any excess dough and crimp the edges using your fingers or a pastry crimper.
• Tarts and tartlets: Roll out the pastry dough and fit it into tart or tartlet pans, pressing it against the sides and bottom. Trim any excess dough and use a fork to prick the bottom of the dough to prevent it from puffing up during baking.
• Turnovers and hand pies: Place a spoonful of filling on one half of a rolled-out pastry dough circle. Fold the other half over the filling to create a half-moon shape, then use a fork to seal the edges.
• Éclairs and cream puffs: Pipe choux pastry dough into long, thin shapes for éclairs or small mounds for cream puffs. Leave enough space between each shape to allow for expansion during baking.
• Palmiers: Roll out puff pastry dough into a rectangle. Sprinkle sugar evenly over the dough, then fold the two long sides of the rectangle towards the center, and fold them again so that they meet in the middle. Slice the dough into even slices and bake until golden and crispy.

Preparing Pastry Fillings

Pastry fillings add flavor, moisture, and texture to your pastries. Depending on your preferences and the type of pastry you are making, you can choose from a wide range of sweet and savory options. Here are some sweet and savory filling options:

Sweet and savory filling options

Sweet filling options:

• Fruit compotes: Cooked fruits, such as berries or apples, sweetened with sugar and flavored with spices or citrus zest.
• Custards: Creamy fillings made with eggs, sugar, milk, and flavorings like vanilla or chocolate.
• Jams and preserves: Thick and sweet spreads made from cooked fruits and sugar.
• Chocolate ganache: A mixture of chocolate and cream that creates a rich and decadent filling.
• Nut fillings: A combination of nuts, sugar, and flavorings, such as almond or hazelnut, that adds crunch and flavor to pastries.

Savory filling options:

• Meat fillings: Cooked and seasoned meats, such as chicken, beef, or lamb, that can be minced or shredded.
• Vegetable fillings: Sauteed or roasted vegetables, such as mushrooms, spinach, or bell peppers, that add flavor and texture to savory pastries.
• Cheese fillings: Creamy cheeses, like feta, goat cheese, or cheddar, that melt and add richness to pastries.
• Seafood fillings: Cooked seafood, such as shrimp, crab, or salmon, that can be mixed with herbs, spices, and sauces for a flavorful filling.
• Egg fillings: A mixture of beaten eggs, cream, and vegetables or meats that creates a quiche-like filling for savory tarts and pies.

Recipes for popular pastry fillings

Here are a few recipes for popular pastry fillings:

Fruit compote filling

Ingredients:

• 2 cups fresh or frozen fruits (such as berries or apples)
• 1/4 cup granulated sugar
• 1 tablespoon lemon juice
• 1 teaspoon cornstarch
• 1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract

Instructions:

1. In a saucepan, combine the fruits, sugar, lemon juice, and cornstarch.
2. Bring the mixture to a simmer over medium heat, stirring occasionally.
3. Cook the compote for about 10 minutes, or until the fruit is tender and the mixture has thickened.
4. Remove from heat and stir in the vanilla extract.
5. Allow the compote to cool before using it as a filling in pastries.

Spinach and feta filling

Ingredients:

• 2 cups fresh spinach, chopped
• 1/2 cup crumbled feta cheese
• 1/4 cup chopped red onion
• 1 clove garlic, minced
• 1 tablespoon olive oil
• 1/4 teaspoon salt
• 1/4 teaspoon black pepper

Instructions:

1. In a skillet, heat the olive oil over medium heat.
2. Add the chopped spinach, red onion, and minced garlic to the skillet.
3. Cook the spinach mixture until the spinach has wilted and the onion is translucent.
4. Remove the skillet from heat and stir in the crumbled feta cheese, salt, and black pepper.
5. Allow the filling to cool before using it in pastries.

Assembling and Baking Pastries

Once you have prepared the pastry dough and fillings, the next step is to assemble the pastries and bake them to perfection. Here's how to assemble pastries with fillings:

How to assemble pastries with fillings

1. Preheat your oven to the temperature specified in your recipe.
2. Roll out the pastry dough to the desired thickness and cut it into the desired shape.
3. If using a pie dish or tart pan, press the dough into the pan, ensuring that it covers the bottom and sides evenly.
4. If making turnovers or hand pies, place a spoonful of filling onto one half of each pastry dough shape, leaving a border around the edges.
5. Fold the other half of the pastry dough over the filling and press the edges together to seal. Use a fork to crimp the edges for added security.
6. If making cream puffs or éclairs, pipe the choux pastry dough into the desired shapes onto a parchment-lined baking sheet.
7. Bake the assembled pastries in the preheated oven for the specified time or until golden brown and cooked through.
8. Remove the pastries from the oven and allow them to cool slightly before serving.

Baking tips and tricks for perfect pastries

Here are some tips and tricks to ensure your pastries turn out perfect every time:

• Chill the pastry dough: Before baking, make sure the pastry dough is well-chilled. This helps prevent the butter from melting too quickly and ensures a flaky texture.
• Preheat the oven: Always preheat your oven to the specified temperature before baking pastries. This helps ensure even baking and proper rise.
• Egg wash for golden color: Brushing the tops of pastries with an egg wash (a beaten egg with a little water) gives them a beautiful golden color during baking.
• Watch the baking time: Keep a close eye on your pastries while they are baking to prevent over-browning. Baking times can vary depending on the size and thickness of the pastries.
• Cool on a wire rack: Once the pastries are baked, transfer them to a wire rack to cool. This helps prevent them from becoming soggy as they release steam.
• Store in an airtight container: To keep your pastries fresh, store them in an airtight container at room temperature. They can be reheated in a low oven for a few minutes before serving.

Decorating and Garnishing Pastries

Decoration and garnishing play a significant role in making pastries visually appealing. Here are some various techniques for decorating pastries:

Various decorating techniques for pastries

1. Icing or glazing: Drizzling or spreading a glaze or icing over pastries adds a glossy finish and extra sweetness. You can use powdered sugar glaze, royal icing, or chocolate ganache.

2. Dusting with powdered sugar: Sprinkling powdered sugar over pastries, especially tarts or cakes, adds a touch of elegance and sweetness.

3. Piping designs: Use a piping bag fitted with a decorative tip to pipe designs, such as rosettes, shells, or borders, onto pastries. This technique is commonly used for cupcakes, cream puffs, and éclairs.

4. Sprinkles and edible decorations: Sprinkles, colored sugar, or edible pearls can be used to add texture, color, and fun to pastries. They are often used on cookies, cupcakes, or donuts.

5. Fruit or nut toppings: Arrange fresh fruits or toasted nuts on top of pastries to enhance their appearance and add flavor. This works well for tarts, pies, or cakes.

Ideas for garnishing and adding final touches

1. Fresh herbs: Garnish savory pastries, such as quiches or savory tarts, with fresh herbs like parsley, basil, or dill to add a pop of color and freshness.

2. Whipped cream or frosting: Top sweet pastries, like cakes or cream puffs, with a dollop of whipped cream or a swirl of frosting. You can also use a piping bag to create decorative patterns.

3. Chocolate curls or shavings: Use a vegetable peeler or grater to create chocolate curls or shavings and sprinkle them over pastries for an elegant touch.

4. Edible flowers: Garnish pastries with edible flowers, such as pansies or violets, to add a touch of beauty and sophistication.

5. Caramel or chocolate drizzle: Drizzle caramel or melted chocolate over pastries to add a decadent touch and create visual interest.

Troubleshooting Pastry Problems

Pastry making can be challenging, and it's not uncommon to encounter some issues along the way. Here are some common problems encountered in pastry making and their solutions:

Common issues encountered in pastry making

1. Tough pastry dough: If your pastry dough turns out tough, it may be due to overmixing or overworking the dough. To fix this, be sure to mix and knead the dough only until it comes together.

2. Shrinking pastry: If your pastry shrinks during baking, it may be due to not chilling the dough adequately before baking. Make sure to chill the dough for the specified time to prevent shrinkage.

3. Soggy bottom crust: A soggy bottom crust is often caused by too much moisture in the filling or not pre-baking the crust before adding the filling. Pre-baking the crust and using a thin layer of egg wash or butter can help prevent this issue.

4. Uneven browning: Uneven browning can occur if your oven has hot spots or if the pastries are not spaced evenly on the baking sheet. Rotating the baking sheet halfway through baking can help ensure even browning.

Solutions and tips for troubleshooting

1. Rest the dough: If your pastry dough is tough, let it rest in the refrigerator for 10-15 minutes before rolling it out. This allows the gluten to relax, resulting in a more tender dough.

2. Blind bake the crust: If you're making a pie or tart, blind baking the crust (pre-baking it without the filling) can help prevent a soggy bottom crust. To blind bake, line the crust with parchment paper and fill it with pie weights or dried beans. Bake it for a few minutes before adding the filling.

3. Use an oven thermometer: To ensure accurate baking temperatures, use an oven thermometer to check if your oven is heating to the specified temperature. Adjust the temperature as necessary.

4. Space pastries evenly: When baking multiple pastries on one baking sheet, leave enough space between them to allow for even heat circulation. This prevents uneven browning and ensures that the pastries bake evenly.

Pastry Making for Special Diets

Pastry making can be adapted to accommodate special dietary needs or preferences. Here are some options for making pastries suitable for various diets:

Gluten-free pastry alternatives

For individuals following a gluten-free diet, there are several alternatives to traditional wheat-based pastry dough:

• Almond flour: Almond flour can be used as a substitute for all-purpose flour in many pastry recipes. It adds a nutty flavor and creates a tender texture.
• Coconut flour: Coconut flour is another gluten-free option that works well in pastry dough. It absorbs more moisture than other flours, so it's essential to adjust the liquid ratio accordingly.
• Rice flour: Rice flour, either white or brown, can be used as a gluten-free substitute. It has a mild taste and creates a light and tender pastry crust.
• Gluten-free flour blends: Pre-made gluten-free flour blends, such as those made from a mixture of rice flour, potato starch, and tapioca starch, are widely available and can be used as a direct substitute for all-purpose flour.

Vegan and dairy-free pastry options

For individuals following a vegan or dairy-free diet, there are several alternatives to dairy-based ingredients in pastry making:

• Plant-based margarine or coconut oil: Use vegan margarine or coconut oil instead of butter to create a flaky and tender pastry crust.
• Non-dairy milk: Substitute cow's milk with non-dairy milk, such as almond milk or soy milk, to achieve the desired consistency in the dough.
• Aquafaba: Aquafaba, the liquid from a can of chickpeas or other legumes, can be used as an egg substitute in pastry dough recipes that require binding.
• Coconut cream: Coconut cream can be used as a dairy-free alternative to heavy cream in recipes that call for a rich and creamy filling.
• Non-dairy yogurt: Non-dairy yogurt, such as coconut or almond milk yogurt, can be used in place of regular yogurt in recipes that require a tangy or creamy filling.

Advanced Pastry Making Techniques

If you've mastered the basics of pastry making, you may be ready to explore more advanced techniques and designs. Here are a couple of advanced pastry making techniques:

Choux pastry and its applications

Choux pastry is a versatile dough that is used to make a variety of delicate and light pastries. Some applications of choux pastry include:

• Éclairs: Pipe choux pastry dough into long shapes, then bake and fill them with flavored creams or custards.
• Cream puffs: Pipe choux pastry dough into small mounds, then bake and fill them with whipped cream or pastry cream.
• Profiteroles: Pipe choux pastry dough into small mounds, then bake and fill them with ice cream or sweetened whipped cream. They can also be drizzled with chocolate sauce.
• Croquembouche: Croquembouche is a French dessert made by stacking cream-filled profiteroles into a cone shape and securing them with caramel.

Complex pastry designs and decorations

For those looking to create intricate and visually stunning pastries, there are several advanced techniques and designs to explore:

• Pâte à foncer: Pâte à foncer is a variation of shortcrust pastry that is used to create elaborate pie crust designs, such as lattice patterns or decorative cut-outs.
• Sugar work: Sugar work involves heating and manipulating sugar to create delicate decorations, such as spun sugar cages, pulled sugar flowers, or blown sugar ornaments.
• Marzipan modeling: Marzipan, a sweet almond-based dough, can be shaped and molded into various designs, such as flowers, fruits, or figures, to decorate cakes, tarts, or petit fours.
• Chocolate tempering: Tempering chocolate is a technique used to achieve a glossy and smooth finish, as well as the proper snap and shine. Tempered chocolate can be used to create intricate decorations or as a coating for pastries.

Storing and Preserving Pastries

Proper storage and preservation techniques are essential for maintaining the freshness and flavor of your pastries. Here are some tips for storing and preserving different types of pastries:

Proper storage techniques for different pastries

• Cookies: Store cookies in an airtight container at room temperature. Keep soft and crisp cookies in separate containers to maintain their texture.
• Pie and tart: Cover pies and tarts loosely with plastic wrap or aluminum foil and refrigerate for up to 3-4 days.
• Cakes: Place cakes in a cake container or cover them with plastic wrap to prevent them from drying out. They can be stored at room temperature for up to 2-3 days or refrigerated for longer shelf life.
• Cream-filled pastries: Cream-filled pastries should be stored in the refrigerator to prevent spoilage. Place them in an airtight container and consume within 2-3 days.
• Puff pastry: Puff pastry is best stored in the refrigerator in an airtight container to maintain its crispness. Reheat in a low oven to refresh before serving.
• Choux pastry: Choux pastry is best stored at room temperature in an airtight container. Fill cream puffs or éclairs just before serving to prevent them from becoming soggy.

Tips for preserving freshness and flavor

• Freezing: Most pastries can be frozen for longer-term storage. Wrap them tightly in plastic wrap or place them in freezer bags to prevent freezer burn. Thaw pastries at room temperature or in the refrigerator before consuming.
• Fresh fruit and cream: If your pastries contain fresh fruit or cream fillings, it's best to consume them within a day or two to ensure the fruit stays fresh and the cream doesn't spoil.
• Separate storage: When storing different types of pastries together, ensure they are adequately separated to prevent flavors and odors from transferring. Use parchment paper or individual containers for each pastry.
• Avoid direct sunlight: Keep pastries away from direct sunlight, as exposure to heat and light can cause them to spoil or become stale more quickly.
• Reheating: If your pastries have lost their freshness, you can revive them by reheating them in a low oven for a few minutes. This will help restore their crispness and enhance their flavor.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Can I use store-bought pastry dough instead of making it from scratch?

Yes, store-bought pastry dough can be used as a convenient alternative to making it from scratch. However, homemade pastry dough often yields better results in terms of taste and texture.

Homemade pastry dough allows you to have complete control over the quality and ingredients used, resulting in a more personalized and flavorful final product. It also gives you the opportunity to experiment and explore different variations and techniques.

How long does it take to become skilled at pastry making?

Becoming skilled at pastry making is a gradual process that takes time, practice, and patience. The exact duration may vary depending on the individual's learning style, frequency of practice, and exposure to different recipes and techniques.

While it's possible to learn the basics of pastry making in a relatively short period, mastering the art and achieving consistent results will require dedication and a willingness to learn from both successes and failures.

With regular practice, continuous learning, and a passion for the craft, you can become skilled at pastry making within a reasonable period, typically ranging from several months to a couple of years.

Remember, the journey of pastry making is as enjoyable as the end result, so have fun, embrace creativity, and savor the delicious treats you create along the way!

Sources:

1. https://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/cooking-tips/article/pastry-tips
2. https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/techniques
3. https://www.seriouseats.com/2019/06/storing-cakes-and-tarts.html

Pastry making tutorial